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New Links confirming some of my thoughts
 

To whom it may concern. Should you require references from academics that support further investigation into my work - please don't hesitate to contact me.

This subject is controversial as it entails additions to the laws of physics, as we understand them. I stress however, that they are additions - I am not challenging current understanding.

I would ask anyone who reads this to phone me on the above number in order for me to brief them in greater depth, as I find I am able to explain better then I can write.

I would also ask you to read to the end of this highly truncated document and if it raises your interest I would send you a more detailed file. I have spoken to a number of high-level people, some of whom were highly sceptical of this hypothesis. However, following close inspection of the data, these same academics and engineers have now become supportive - or at least to the point that they consider the project has merit. I am grateful to BAE, DERA and a number of universities for their assistance in my work.

1. A device has been built and has performed well on a pendulum, water, wheels, and an air table.
2. Strain gauge graphs have been plotted.
3. A zero G aircraft test has been scheduled for flight testing
4. A high level solid state experiment has been devised and discussed involving lasers and high speed circuitry

The device as it now stands may be capable of propelling a satellite, or enabling on-orbit station keeping to be performed without the use of fuel. Taken to its more advanced stage, the concept may be applicable to spacecraft propulsion

However despite all the experimental models and circumstantial evidence at this point in time the concept is still just a hypothesis the object of this paper is to start a debate as to whether it is correct or not
 
 

Involvement's to date from include BAE, DERA and a number of universities. BAE systems have provided some cash support and technical help. DERA has provided a research aircraft [ BAC 111 ]

In addition to which, I have completed many hundreds of test of many different test models including on one occasion a solid-state experiment.

At the very least I believe I have a device that is ready to be attached to a satellite, that will prolong its life by 4 or 5 years thus representing a value of some £200,000 per satellite. As there are hundreds of such and many more to be launched this alone demonstrates the value of pursuing this project.

As a closing note, DERA do not loan aircraft nor do BAE systems provide support unless they think there was a reasonable chance of success.
 

Introduction: -
 

Inertia: What It Is or What It May Be

'All matter creates its own inertia'

To explain the principle of inertia, it is useful to imagine a system where a single electron orbits a single hydrogen nucleus, and using a classical model for the atom, imagine that the electron orbits in a circular motion at a constant angular velocity when in equilibrium i.e. at a constant energy state (Figure 1a).


Suppose an impulse was applied to the above system (figure 1b), which lasted the same time as one complete electron orbit. During this time interval, for one half of the period, the force would be in the same direction as the moving electron, and for the other half of the period, the force would be opposite to the direction of the moving electron. Therefore for one half of the period, work would be done against the centrifugal force of the electron's orbit, as it is moving in the opposite direction to the applied force.

It is the opposing half orbit that causes inertia.
 

Models and Analogies

For the following explanations, it is useful to use a very simple analogy that the electron is a small ball bearing connected to a much larger sphere, the nucleus, via an imaginary elastic band of certain length and stiffness.
As any two interacting particles, for example a stripped ion with no electrons, protons and neutrons, sub-atomic particles etc, produce the effect we call 'inertia', the principle is still valid for more advanced models, such as quantum physics etc.
The following explanation will show that inertia, gravity, and magnetic forces are all one and the same, just different aspects of the same phenomenon.

This shows a free hydrogen atom with an electron in a symmetrical orbit. The electron orbits the atom at a given energy level and angular velocity (radius and speed).

In this analogy the large sphere represents the nucleus; the elastic band represents the forces that keep the electron in position, and the small ball bearing represents the electron.
For this explanation, let us assume that conditions are in free space. Imagine a solid mass of hydrogen called 'Mass 1.' Suppose a magnetic resonance field was applied to Mass 1, in order to cause all the electrons to become synchronised with each other.
If Mass 1 is accelerated from stationary to10m/s, then the inertia effect can be observed. Once the velocity has reached 10m/s it is held constant. There would be no inertia effect until the velocity is increased from 10m/s to 20m/s, i.e. it accelerates. Therefore the inertia effects are only observed during acceleration.

Cause and Effect

Now observe the effects on the extracted single atom and electron analogous to figure 3. The large sphere, representing the nucleus accelerates in the real world. Consequently as the sphere moves, the elastic band stretches and ball bearing is displaced a further distance from the nucleus. The band continues to be stretched until the acceleration is cancelled, caused by the elastic band pulling the ball bearing back into a stable position.
On the electron level, when the acceleration occurs, the electron's orbit becomes distorted into an elliptical plane. The orbit becomes 'lop sided', creating an out of balance force in one direction (figure 4). For the duration of the applied acceleration, the biased direction is opposite to that of the applied force. Once the acceleration has stopped, the electron catches up with the atom, and the system returns to equilibrium.

 The elliptical distortion created in this manner is the force we call 'INERTIA'. It is the out of balance force, which tries to take the atom in the opposite direction to the applied force. This will be labelled as 'ELECTRON LAG'.

This principle can also be extended to the theory of gravity. The electrons in a gravity field are defined as any other particle. Using Figure 5, imagine that the electrons are rotating around the x-axis, and that gravity is acting along the y-axis. The force of gravity acting on the electron causes it to infinitesimally increase in velocity when swinging down towards Earth and infinitesimally decrease in velocity when rotating up passed the nucleus. This causes the bias of momentum in the downward direction and hence causes objects to move towards the larger mass i.e. the Earth. This effect will be labelled as the 'GRAVITY LIMIT'.

Therefore in gravity field the elliptical orbit of the electron is being distorted by two components. If the system accelerates, the electrons can be distorted horizontally, ('electron lag') with respect to adjacent particles. Also due to the force of gravity, electrons are distorted downwards (gravity limit). The electron orbit therefore resides as a component of the two distortions.
 

The Application of This Phenomenon

What would happen if it were possible to create an elliptical out of balance force opposite to that above? Not only would inertia have been cancelled, but also a bias, opposite to the sign of inertia would exist. This would be labelled as 'ELECTRON LEAD TIME'.

Take a high-energy system such as figure 2 where initially the angular velocity was constant and the electron orbit was circular. Now imagine if the system was suddenly removed from a state of equilibrium. Not by accelerating the nucleus, but by exciting the electron. This would cause the electron to speed up, and providing that it didn't leave orbit, the path of the electron would become much more elliptical (figure 6). If the electron had enough momentum, it could slightly displace the nucleus.
This can be imagined as the ball bearing originally swinging around the large sphere on the end of the elastic band. Suddenly the ball bearing is hit in the direction it is going, effectively giving it a boost. If the ball bearing was to swing out at such a high velocity passed the large sphere, without the band snapping, it could pull the sphere along in the same direction it is going. As the ball bearing swung back the other way, the sphere would move back towards its original position, but would not have enough momentum to reach it. Consequently, the nucleus would be displaced from its original position.

As the electron is in this 'biased' orbit, it takes time for the system to return to equilibrium. It can take the electron a number of revolutions before reaching stability, and this increases the chances of having an overshoot in the opposite direction. The following overshoot however is always less severe than the previous overshoot, as the system is uniformly becoming more stable. If however, this applied force is pulsed in phase with the direction of the electron travel, then this 'Electron Lead Time' can be sustained over a longer period of time, producing an amplified effect of the momentum biasing.

Consider if this 'electron lead-time' was then applied to an accelerating system. When the nucleus started to accelerate, the electron would be left behind and its orbit would ellipse in the direction opposite to the forward motion. Then simultaneously apply this pulsed boost to the electron, and the electron could, at least, accelerate at the same rate as the nucleus. This alone would cancel the effects of inertia. If however this pulse could bias the electron ellipse in the same direction as travel, then the object should move much more easily.

As an electron moves near to the speed of light, any force generated in the opposite sign to inertia then implies the following:

During the time interval when the pulse is influencing the electron orbit, the speed will be that of light or above.  (See appendix high-level experiment).

Conclusion:

In conclusion it is proposed that the effect of inertia is a direct result of the electron orbit lagging behind the atomic nucleus when accelerating in a certain direction. By overcoming this 'Electron Lag', the effect of inertia can be eradicated thus allowing acceleration at exceptionally high velocities with minimal power requirements. It has been proposed that this bias of electron orbits can be exploited to promote motion in any direction, and that Gravity uses this the same mechanism to attract masses. Thus suggesting that the force of Gravity is nothing other than an out of balance 'centrifugal force', acting on the atomic level.
It is also suggested that the field of a magnet, although affecting different materials to different degrees, is similar to that of a very localised gravity field. The power of a magnet is derived from the characteristics of the electron's orbits themselves and molecular structure within a magnet allow it to retain its magnetic capability indefinitely. Magnets appear to have no effect on non-ferrous materials, but in fact they do react, albeit in some cases to a very limited degree. If a strong enough field is applied to any material it can be made to levitate.

A fundamental question remains; is it possible to increase and control this effect to exploit the system from a technical point of view?
By stimulating the particles when they are in phase with the direction of travel, it is possible to levitate or propel any material, and incidentally get rid of acceleration effects. As the propulsion is driven from the atomic level in any individual atom on board the vehicle, the force affects each and every atom so no acceleration effects will be experienced.
Einstein formulated his famous E = MC2 theory based on an 'Inertia Constant'. Put simply, his equation says that to accelerate a 1-ton mass to light speed, infinite energy would be required. Considering the principles above, it could be possible to accelerate the 1-ton mass to light speed on a power source as small as a flash light battery.
 

This is a simple experiment to indicate  an effect i.e. to prove that there is some unusual result, and there is.
Note be warned this experiment was made only to identify an effect not empirically measure it and as such may be totally ignored in terms of magnitude of effect
Fig 1
The trolley is attached to a piece of thread. The masses, which are attached to the motors via the motor arms, are stationary. With the motors inactive the thread is pulled in order to move the trolley. As the trolley is too heavy, the thread snaps and the trolley does not move. Even if a small know impulse is applied to overcome the frictional forces in the wheels, the thread still snaps.

Without any external forces acting on the trolley, the motors are turned on. The two masses rotate at a constant angular velocity in opposing directions, and the trolley oscillates back and forth over a common point.


Suppose the motors are rotating at a constant angular velocity. If the string is pulled when the masses are heading AWAY from the direction of the applied force, then the trolley will not move, and the thread will snap. Additional forces also will be encountered in this phase of the masses' rotation.
If however the thread is pulled when the masses are moving in the SAME direction as the applied force, then the trolley will move very easily and the thread will remain intact
An experiment has been performed where the trolley was timed to travel a known distance. The propulsive force was due to a small known mass attached to the thread, being dropped from a certain height. This was performed with the motors inactive. The same experiment was repeated with the motors activated. The trolley, propelled by the force of the falling mass, actually travelled this distance in a SHORTER TIME. Moreover, as the masses were rotating, the trolley was also oscillating back and forth. Thus the forward motion was not constant as the trolley moved backwards when the masses were moving opposite to the desired direction of travel. Therefore the trolley actually covered more distance and encountered more frictional forces, yet still travelled the measured distance in less time.
 

From: "TONY CUTHBERT" <tony@cuthbert-physics.com>
To: "howard Roberts Jones" <howard@howys.co.uk>
Subject: Fw: further to my previous email
Date: 22 January 2001 13:17
 

-----Original Message-----
From: TONY CUTHBERT <tony@cuthbert-physics.com>
To: xxxxx@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Date: Tuesday, January 02, 2001 11:28 PM
Subject: further to my previous email
 

Howard this is a experiment designed to impute energy into a system at a very high frequency, the input of energy has to be at the correct timing angle to influence the electron and other nuclear particles, I think you may have seen a effect as describe in my previous file, although in your judder experiment the frequency should be much higher, you used a magnetic system it may be possible to use a laser, further with a laser you can get the frequency up to electron orbital speed, energy and timing is everything.

Components

    1.. high level laser micro wave or other
    2.. light speed timing circuit
    3.. magnetic resonance circuit
    4.. test block of suitable material .. see master file.
    5.. Sensor array displacement and force measurement
    6.. All associated equipment and power modules to run above
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS

    1.. A laser / other beam. will impact a test block typically 10 gram the photon impact will be measured and the force measurement and displacement base line will be established.
    2.. A rerun of the above will be carried out I.e. with no laser beam impact but with a known applied force induced, and then with the laser supplying energy. The force measurement and displacement apparatus will register movement and time of the test block. The above will be carried with and with out resonance again to establish a base line.
    3.. Then a test will be carried out with the timing circuit and resonance circuits in operation, and it is hoped that [A] the test block will move / be displaced with only the photon kinetic energy impact or [B] for one small part of time the test block will assume light speed which may result in a explosion, if the block moves more then it is calculated to , bearing in mind any movement at all ,if successful will be at light speed or close to.
 
 
 

High Level experiment
The above Experiment is designed to accelerate a small test mass for a small duration of time time to near light speed
Whether successful or not I believe that this is the worlds first practical experimental attempt to approach or break the light speed barrier for this reason it should be considered a historic event whether or not it is successful

Tony

From: "TONY CUTHBERT" <tony@cuthbert-physics.com>
To: "howard Roberts Jones" <howard@howys.co.uk>
Subject: conference
Date: 22 January 2001 13:17

My general thoughts with reference to the conference, in essence I thought it was a success, it was open , i.e. people discussed theories openly, and hopefully this will encourage further dialogue. My specific thoughts are that I made contact with five delegates who I consider very important to what I am doing, three of whom I consider, and I am told are world leaders in physics and it seems that I may have  tentative support at least from two of these people, the third I have yet to speak to. That is not to say that their were many other very interesting people at this conference, with whom I will be communicating with in the near future.

Now with respect to my little speech, I did not have a huge amount of time to explain my thoughts, and in addition to this I was absolutely terrified of saying any thing in front of leaders in the world of physics considering my back ground. Consequently I made some what a hash of it, I hope I might have managed to get one or to points across.

What I wanted to say was the following, I have a theory on inertia but unless I can build and or put some experimental device together to test that theory, then I have a problem, normally what I do is work on the theory, then try to pull it down, then to see if it has any merit build a small device even if it is toy like just to prove or indicate that their may be some effect, if I get this far then I redo the experimental device and retest to a strict test regime. and so on. However In my speech I only got as far as describing the small simplistic device [ toy like ] and I fear that people may think that this was the level I had got to, which it is not [ see high level experiment. Further although this toy like device was very simple it exhibited as according to the theatrical prediction some very unusual effects [ see file above ]

Ps these are my first thoughts, as always my allowance for my dislexia i.e. writing/ spelling / composition I find putting words on paper or talking much harder then experimenting.

regards Tony. ...
 
 
 

-----Original Message-----
From: TONY CUTHBERT <tony@cuthbert-physics.com>
To:XXXXXXXXX
Date: Wednesday, February 14, 2001 5:46 PM
Subject: Re: rotary momentum into linear momentum propulsion system.
 

>XXX, thanks for the email  Due to patent issues and promises to investors I can not at this time send you any more details, but will do in the very near future, However I suggest you look at the new scientist December 9th issue page 12 the judder effect and look at the linked web site, you should gleam some interesting facts from theses to articles. link> http://focus.aps.org/v5/st15.html
>regards Tony. ...

New info posted 24th Feb 2001

Note I am running a simple experiment during the week 26thFeb to 3rd March which may prove conclusiveley that the above priciples are correct.
However note:- This is only one of many experiments If I do not get the desired result it only means that one experiment has failed and not that the theory is incorrect
=========================================
Further I am putting up another simple solid state experiment in a week or so for other people to try and repeat or substantiate my conclusions on this particular experiment themselves.
The Experiment is simple and can be carried out at home with no special equipment
The reason for this is that  I would like others to repeat and substantiate my findings on this particular experiment for themselves
I will ask that if you try the experiment that you email me with YOUR results all of which will be posted on this page later.

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